THYROXINE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes cretinism in children – stunted mental and physical development | Causes hyperthyroidism Symptoms: Goiter, protrusion of eyeballs, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, nervousness, intolerance to heat, sweaty and weight loss |
| Causes hypothyroidism in adults – enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) | |
| Causes myxedema –severe hypothyroidism in adults (inactive thyroid gland. Symptoms: low heartbeat and metabolic rate, mentally and physically sluggish, intolerance to cold and increase in body weight. |
CORTISOL
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes Addison’s disease Symptoms: Weight loss, weak muscles, fatigue, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin. | Causes Cushing’s syndrome Symptoms: Weight gains, weak muscles, fatigue, poor skin healing and osteoporosis |
ALDOSTERONE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes a decrease in Na+ ions and an increase in K+ ions leading to the excretion of more water and low blood pressure | Causes an increase in Na+ ions and decrease in K+ ions leading to retention of excess water in the body which increases blood pressure. |
ADRENALINE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes fatigue and loss of energy resulting in the inability of the body to prepare for “fight or flight” situation. | Increase blood pressure |
| Increase in blood glucose level that leads to glucose in urine. |
ANDROGEN
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes underdeveloped sex organs in adults | Causes early physical maturity in children |
INSULIN
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Elevate blood glucose levels | Low blood glucose level, weakness, light-headed, rapid and irregular heartbeat |
| Excretion of glucose in urine (diabetes mellitus) and the body becomes thin and weak |
GLUCAGON
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes a person to become weak and lack of energy | Causes a person to become hyperactive |
GROWTH HORMONE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes dwarfism in children | Causes gigantism in children |
| In adults, growth hormone deficiency causes an increase in adipose tissue around waist, reduced muscles mass, lower bone density and bones fracture easily, fatigue and loss of stamina during physical exercise, nervousness and depression | Causes acromegaly in adults Symptoms : New growth at tissue at the distal parts of the skeleton, producing enlarged hands, feet and a protruding jaw. |
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes diabetes insipidus Symptoms: High urinary output by the kidneys causes the body to become dehydrated | Causes the kidneys to retain a lot of water resulting in a low urine output The retention of too much water in body tissues causes oedema |
OESTROGEN
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Hinders normal development of secondary sexual characteristics in females | Causes oedema and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) |
PROGESTERONE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Causes miscarriages | Hinders the contraction of uterus during birth |
TESTOSTERONE
| EFFECTS OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY | EFFECTS OF EXCESS HORMONES |
| Testosterone deficiency during puberty hinders the normal development of secondary sexual characteristics in males | Increase muscle mass |
| Aggressive behaviour | |
| Hair loss | |
| Reduces fertility | |
| Testosterone deficiency after puberty causes impotence, loss of muscle tone (firmness of the muscle), reduces bone mass and increase body fat | Higher risks of liver disease |
| Oedema | |
| High blood pressure | |
| High cholesterol level |
REFERENCES:
Mah Chee Wai, Dr, Tina Swee Kim. 2019. Super Skill Ulangkaji SPM Biology Form 4 KSSM. Selangor, Malaysia. Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.
Teacher Tasha ❤️ 